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并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統的開發

摘要:介紹了并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統(PMT-VPDS)的基本框架及其子系統功能。開發了原型系統構建
 
    摘要:介紹了并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統(PMT-VPDS)的基本框架及其子系統功能。開發了原型系統構建了項目管理體系、型譜庫、組件庫和零件庫,實現了并聯機構概念設計與運動學設計子系統的基本功能。PMT-VPDS系統將為并聯機床的設計開發提供一個集成的虛擬設計環境縮短并聯機床的開發周期。
    1 引言
    并聯機床(Parallel Machine Tools)也稱為虛(擬)軸機床(Virtual Axis Machine Tools),是并聯機器人技術與現代數控機床技術相結合發展起來的一種新型機床,它同時具有機床和機器人的諸多特性。二十世紀九十年代,美國、英國、德國、俄羅斯、瑞典、瑞士、日本等工業發達國家的有關研究機構和機床廠家紛紛推出具有不同結構型式和功能特性的并聯機床。并聯機床的問世使機床行業取得了突破性進展,引起了世界各國機床制造廠商和研究機構的廣泛關注被譽為“機床結構的重大革命”, " 21世紀的新一代數控加工裝備”。
    并聯機床出現至今只有不到十年的發展時間,其理論研究和應用技術研究尚不夠成熟,還有許多技術難題需要解決。此外,在研究手段、設計環境上也有待進一步完善與發展。并聯機床具有機構型式多樣、運動學和動力學設計復雜、計算量大等特點,各種設計分析活動必須采用計算機及多種工具軟件,設計環節分散,且各環節間相互影響,數據模型的映射和演變存在障礙,以致一些最新的理論和技術成果難以迅速應用,設計周期長,設計成果不易積累。因此,迫切需要一個統一的、集成的設計環境來解決上述問題。并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統正是為滿足這一需求而提出并開發的。
    2 并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統的構成與功能

       1. 系統基本框架
              并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統(Virtual Product Design System for Parallel Machine Tools,PMT-VPDS)將為設計者提供數字化的設計開發環境,提供包括并聯機構概念設計、運動學設計、整機設計、動力學分析、精度設計、可制造性分析、作業過程仿真與性能分析等方面的分析和設計平臺;為研究者提供并聯裝備設計方法研究、工作性能分析和作業工藝優化的研究平臺;為用戶提供并聯機床或各種井聯類裝備的作業過程、作業效果、作業能力、作業性能演示平臺。簡言之,PMT-VPDS系統可同時滿足并聯機床的設計者、研究者和用戶三方的需要。
              并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統的基本框架如圖1所示。系統主要由三個設計平臺(機構概念設計與運動學設計平臺、整機組合設計與動力學設計平臺和作業運動仿真與性能分析平臺少、系統界面(人機交互界面、計算機仿真和虛擬現實界面)和數據庫或數據文件(并聯機構型譜庫、井聯機構實體模型、子裝配體模型庫等)組成。 
              圖1 PMT-VPDS的基本框架
       2. 三個設計子系統
             1. 并聯機構概念設計和運動學設計子系統
                    該子系統可提供并聯機構概念設計和機構運動學分析與設計的功能。機構概念設計包括構型綜合和構型選擇。運動學分析和尺度綜合以并聯機構型譜庫提供的設計算法和程序為基礎,進行優化設計,可得到滿足機床需要的機構參數。
             2. 整機組合設計與動力學設計子系統
                    該子系統可提供并聯機床整機輔助組合設計、動力學分析與設計及精度綜合功能最終可給出滿足設計要求的、帶公差的、可裝配數字化樣機的機床實體模型。
             3. 作業過程仿真與作業性能分析子系統
                    該子系統可提供并聯機床數字化樣機的機床作業過程仿真和工件切削成型仿真,并且進行機床作業的性能分析評價機床比能優劣,獲得工藝優化的相關信息。

    3 并聯機床虛擬產品設計系統的開發

       1. 系統開發環境
              PMT-VPDS系統采用Unigraphics作為開發平臺,在利用Unigraphics自身功能的基礎上進一步開發適用于并聯機床設計開發的專用功能。
              Unigraphics的二次開發工具使用了Visual C++ 6.0軟件。型譜庫、零件庫、組件庫等數據庫中的數據以數據文件形式存放于系統環境變量制定的目錄中,系統環境變量在安裝系統時設置,用于存放PMT-VPDS系統的各種文件和信息。
       2. 設計項目管理
              為對設計過程進行有效管理.提出了設計項目的概念。設計一臺滿足一定設汁要求的并聯機床的整個過程可稱為一個設計項目。每次開始設計一臺并聯機床時,都必須首先建立或打開一個設計項目,與該并聯機床相關的各種設計信息(如設計要求信息、構型信息、運動學設計相關文件、機構實體模型、整機實體模型、動力學設計相關文件、精度設計相關文件等)均按項目進行管理和調用。
              
              圖2 項目文件組成結構 
              圖3 創途新項目功能對話框
              項目文件的組成結構如圖2所示。各分支分別代表一個文件目錄名或文件名,各目錄下分別存放相應的設計文件。
              系統可提供項日管理功能包括創建新項目打開已有項目、修改項目設計需求信息、查詢項目信息、刪除項目等。圖3為創建新項目操作中的一個功能對話框,用于輸入需要的項目如運動能力驅動及速度要求等。打開已有項日功能可列出所有設計項目,從中選擇需要設計的項目。顯示項目信息功能可列出項目設計的相關信息,包括機構選型信息、整機設計信息整機作業仿真信自等。
       3. 并聯機構型譜庫
              型譜庫在PKM-VPDS系統中具有重要作用型譜庫用于存放各種成熟的并聯機構構型及相關的設計信息,包括機構標識名、機構形式化描述、機構實體模型、自由度及姿態實現能力、機構運動學優化算法及程序、機構動力學設計等。在機構設計平臺中進行構型設計時.需根據各構型的主要性能指標從型譜庫中選擇構型方案;在進行尺度綜合時,需從型譜庫中選擇己有機構的設計算法和相應程序進行優化設計。此外,在進行整機動力學設計、精度設計時,同樣可將型譜庫中已有的機構設計算法和相應程序作為設計基礎。因此,型譜庫是對已有研究成果的積累和延續,可以為后續設計奠定良好的設計基礎,并盡可能決地應用最新的理論研究成果。
       4. 并聯機構概念設計與運動學設計平臺的原型開發
              以型譜庫為基礎,開發出并聯機構概念設計與運動學設計平臺的原型。設計者可從型潛庫中選擇已有構型開始設計,也可以利用以并聯機構組件庫和零件庫為基礎的組合式開發環境,進行新構型的設計。
                 1. 并聯機構組件庫與零件庫
                        結構形式的多樣性是并聯機床區別于傳統機床的顯著特點之一。不同的并聯機構可以由數目一定的相同組件按照不同的拓撲關系組合而成。組件是指由多個零件、運動副(或僅由零件)構成的組合件,并聯機構組件庫則是與并聯機構相關的組件集合。
                        并聯機床的機構組件可分為三類:①支鏈類:指構成并聯機構基礎和動平臺間支鏈的結構,包括滑塊滑軌類、伸縮腿、定長桿等;② 平合類:指構成基礎平臺和動平臺的結構,包括固定鉸鏈平臺和滑軌式平臺;③ 除以上兩類之外的其它組件、如刀頭刀架組件等。
                        并聯機構零件是指構成并聯機構組件的基本零件,并聯機構零件庫則是并聯機構零件的集合。
                        并聯機床機構原型的構成如圖4所示。
                        
                        圖4 并聯機床機構原型的結構組成
                        系統提供了對組件庫和零件庫進行管理的功能。
                        并聯機構的組件庫和零件庫均以參數化的形式進行存儲,可以修改設計參數。利用并聯機構組件和零件能夠決速構造并聯機床的機構原型從而縮短并聯機床的概念樣機設計周期。
                 2. 并聯機構組合設計與分析
                        以并聯機構組件庫和零件庫為基礎,系統提供了組合設計的功能。從組件庫中選擇適當的組件,調整組件位置和參數,即可完成并聯機構的實體模型建模。如沒有滿足要求的合適組件,可從零件庫中選擇零件組成需要的組件。此外,系統還提供機構形式化描述自動分析功能.以字符串形式輸入機構形式化描述.系統可自動選擇需要的建模組件。
                        圖5為利用組件庫和零件庫設計的4自由度并聯機構,其中使用的零件全部來自于組件庫和零件庫。
                        
                        圖5 使用組件庫和零件庫構建的并聯機構
                 3. 其它功能
                        利用Unigraphics本身的功能可以進行并聯機構的運動仿真,井進行運動學分析和動力學分析(如位移、力、速度、加速度分析等)。
                        對于存放在型譜庫中的已經過運動學設計的并聯機構,可從系統提供的界面中直接選擇并調用(或打開其它工具軟件選擇并運行)運動學尺度綜合程序,優化瀏幾構的設計參數。

    4 結語
    本文提出的并聯機床虛擬設計系統為并聯機床提供了統一的、集成的虛擬設計環境,可以縮短并聯機床的設計周期.綜合應用并聯機床設計各方面的理論和方法,從而對并聯機床的理論研究、工程設計、推廣應用起到一定的促進作用,推動并聯機床的產業化進程。
    系統的機構概念設計與運動學設計平臺原型已基本開發完成.建立了項目管理體系,以型譜庫、組件庫、零件庫為基礎實現了井聯機床的機構建模及分析.為后續進行整機設計和整機作業仿真及睦能分析奠定了基礎。


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