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鋁合金MIG焊接工藝研究及應用

序 言  高強鋁合金具有很高的室溫強度及良好的高溫和超低溫性能,廣泛應用于航空、航天及其它

序 言

  高強鋁合金具有很高的室溫強度及良好的高溫和超低溫性能,廣泛應用于航空、航天及其它運載工具的結構材料,如:運載火箭的液體燃料箱、超音速飛機和汽車的結構件以及輕型戰車的裝甲等。目前常用于鋁合金連接的主要焊接方法有:交流鎢極氬弧焊(TIG)和直流反極性熔化極氣體保護焊(MIG)。 TIG焊由于采用交流電,鎢極燒損嚴重,限制了所使用的焊接電流,而且此法熔深能力弱,因此只適用于薄件鋁合金的焊接。MIG焊包括連續電流焊接和脈沖電流焊接。MIG焊時,焊絲做為陽極,可采用比TIG焊更大的焊接電流,電弧功率大,焊接效率高,故特別適合于中厚板鋁合金的焊接。實驗研究發現,在鋁合金 MIG焊時,脈沖電流焊接優于連續電流焊接,它提高了鋁合金焊縫金屬的強度、塑性和疲勞壽命。為進一步提高電弧的穩定性、改善焊縫成形和增加熔深以及厚板鋁合金的高效焊接,近幾年國外發展了單絲復合脈沖MIG焊和雙絲Tandem MIG焊方法,本文針對30mm厚的7A52中厚板高強鋁合金,進行了單絲單脈沖、復合脈沖和雙絲Tandem MIG焊工藝的研究,并應用于生產中。

1 Tandem雙絲焊和單絲復合脈沖MIG焊原理

  Tandem雙絲焊是將兩根焊絲按一定角度放在一個特別設計的焊槍里,兩根焊絲分別由各自獨立的電源供電。除送絲速度可以不同外,其它參數,如:焊絲的材質、直徑、是否加脈沖等都可彼此獨立設定,從而保證了電弧工作在最佳狀態。與其它雙絲焊技術相比,由于兩根焊絲的電弧是在同一熔池中燃燒,提高了總的焊接電流,因此提高了熔敷效率和焊接速度。同時由于兩根焊絲交替送進同一熔池,對熔池具有攪拌作用,而降低了氣孔敏感性,改善了焊縫質量。

圖1是Tandem雙絲焊的原理圖。

圖2 Tandem焊接的脈沖波形的幾種不同類型:

 

A)同頻率同相位的(適合焊接鋼)
B)同頻率相位差180度(適合焊接鋁)
C)不同頻率相位任意(適合焊接鋼)

單絲復合脈沖焊接工藝是采用一個低頻的協調脈沖對另一個高頻脈沖的峰值和時間進行調制,使脈沖的強度在強、弱之間低頻周期性切換,得到周期性變化的強弱脈沖群,其電壓波形如圖3所示。調制后的焊接電流使作用于熔池中的電弧壓力發生變化,不僅可以提高焊縫的熔深,獲得均勻美觀的魚鱗紋焊縫,而且還可以增強對熔池的沖擊振動,減少和消除焊縫氣孔。

 

圖3

2 實驗材料及實驗方法

實驗采用的母材為7A52高強鋁合金,試板尺寸為300×150×30mm,平板對接,坡口形式為X形,角度為70°。焊接設備采用德國CLOOS 公司生產的GLC553MC3單絲和TANDEM雙絲MIG焊機,焊絲為ER5A56,直徑φ=1.6mm,保護氣體為純度99.99%的氬氣。母材和焊絲的化學成分如表1所示。焊接前先用丙酮去除坡口兩側的油污,后用不銹鋼鋼絲刷清刷坡口。首先采用單絲焊機進行單脈沖和復合脈沖兩種工藝的焊接實驗,然后采用雙絲焊設備進行雙絲焊的工藝實驗,同時加擺動和激光跟蹤。焊接工藝參數如表2所示。單絲焊時正、反面各焊6道,雙絲焊時正、反面各焊2道,層間溫度 ≤100℃。

表1 母材和焊絲的化學成分(%)

  實驗材料   Zn   Mn   Ti   Zr   Fe   Si   7a52 母材   4.5   0.30   0.048   0.12   0.22   0.20   5a56焊絲   1.0   0.30   0.17   0.12   0.14   0.14

表2 焊接工藝參數

  焊接參數   單絲焊   單脈沖   復合脈沖   送絲速度 v/ (m·min-1)   6.0   6.0   頻率 f/hz   210   210   峰值電壓 u/v   31   31   脈沖時間 t/ms   2   2   基值電流 i/a   85   85   脈沖波形   2   2   焊接速度 v/ (cm·min-1)   45   45   平均電流 i/a   258   260   平均電壓 u/v   23.7   23.9   第二脈沖頻率 f/hz   —   5.0   第二脈沖電壓 u/v   —   25   第二脈沖時間 t/ms   —   2.0   第二脈沖占空因數 (%)   —   27

表3鋁合金tandem脈沖MIG焊工藝

  試 件   對接焊縫   焊 絲   ER5a56 φ1.6mm   坡口形式   x型30+30mm   對口間隙     焊接氣體   Ar100%   預熱溫度     焊道次序   正面打底1   反面打底2   反面蓋面3   正面蓋面4   焊槍角度           焊接電流A   263/208   263/208   263/205   262/201   電弧電壓v   23.7/24.8   23.7/24.8   24/25.7   24.4/26.8   送絲速度m/min   10.5/7.5   10.5/7.5   10.5/7.5   10.5/7.5   脈沖頻率hz   230/200   230/200   230/200   230/200   峰值電壓a   26/25   26/25   27/26   26.5/26.7   基值電流a   100/100   100/100   100/100   100/100   脈沖波形   2/2   2/2   2/2   2/2   脈沖寬度ms   2.2/2.0   2.2/2.0   2.2/2.0   2.2/2.0   脈沖模式   U/I   U/I   U/I   U/I   氣體流量   25/25   25/25   25/25   25/25   焊接速度   480   480   360   300   擺動頻率hz   6   6   7   7   擺動幅度mm   5   5   10   10   駐留時間   0.1   0.1   0.3   0.2   焊縫寬度   14   14   25   24   備注:
1.tandem脈沖MIG焊工藝U/I, 2步, ,鋁合金,φ1.6mm, Ar100%.
 主電源master-alternate 從電源slave-mode
2.提前送氣0.3,滯后送氣0.8.
3.預送絲速度3.5m/min,
4.軟起弧: 否
5.起弧: 起弧時間0.5/0.5s,上升時間0.3/0.3,送絲速度4.8/4.5,
 脈沖頻率120/100,基值電流80/80,
6.收弧: 收弧時間1.0/1.0,下降時間0.3/0.3,送絲速度4.0/3.5,
  脈沖頻率80/80,基值電流60/60,

7回燒:30%

 

3 實驗結果與討論

試驗發現,復合脈沖焊接的焊縫組織晶粒相對細小,并且晶界和枝晶間分布的共晶組織呈球狀或細小的薄膜狀均勻分布。相比之下,單脈沖焊接的焊縫組織晶粒相對較大,沿晶界和枝晶間分布的共晶組織連續性增加,這將影響焊縫金屬的強度和塑性。復合脈沖焊接引起焊縫組織進一步細化,是由于峰值電流周期性變化引起電弧壓力也發生周期性變化,造成熔池液體的振動,使熔池液體發生攪拌作用的結果。在單脈沖焊接時,由于脈沖的峰值電流不變,且脈沖頻率很高,因此電弧壓力變化很小,熔池表面液體振動的振幅也很小,熔池的攪拌作用很弱。復合脈沖焊接時,由于疊加了一個低頻的協調脈沖,使脈沖的峰值電流按照低頻脈沖的頻率不斷發生變化,相應地電弧壓力也隨之發生很大的變化。當峰值電流高時,電弧壓力大,熔池表面的液體呈凹狀;當峰值電流低時,電弧壓力小,熔池表面的液體呈凸狀,從而導致熔池表面液體的上、下振動,引起熔池液體的攪拌作用。熔池液體的攪拌作用一方面增加了熔池內原有的對流,增大了液體流動,降低了溫度梯度,擴大了固液界面前沿的成分過冷區域;另一方面可使部分熔化的晶粒脫離熔池側壁進入熔池,增加了形核核心。此外,由復合脈沖產生的強對流可把從熔池側壁脫離的晶粒以及熔池中析出的形核質點,如TiAl3、ZrAl3等帶到固液界面前沿的成分過冷區中,促進了α(Al)的非均質形核,因此細化了焊縫組織。上述組織變化是由雙絲焊工藝特點決定的。(1) 雙絲焊時兩根焊絲前后并列排列,使熔池體積增加,高溫停留時間變長,冷卻速度變慢;(2)雙絲焊總的熱輸入稍高于單絲焊(單絲焊和雙絲焊的熱輸入分別為 8KJ/cm和12KJ/cm),熔池中的液態金屬并不過熱,合金元素的燒損不多;(3)由于第二脈沖和后絲電弧的攪拌作用,使氣孔傾向明顯降低。

 

從表4 可以看到,復合脈沖焊接的焊縫具有最高的強度和塑性,焊縫金屬的連接系數接近70%,單脈沖焊接的焊縫次之,而雙絲焊的焊縫強度和塑性最低,這與它們對應的焊縫組織形貌是一致的。復合脈沖焊接的焊縫組織最為細小,并且晶界共晶相呈球狀和細小的薄膜狀均勻分布,因此焊縫的強度最高,塑性最好。而雙絲焊由于總的熱輸入并不很大,雖然得到了粗大的等軸枝晶組織,并且沿晶界分布的共晶相的數量明顯多于單絲焊,但強度和塑性稍有降低。單脈沖焊接比復合脈沖焊接的焊縫組織粗大,但明顯細于雙絲焊,所以強度、塑性明顯好于雙絲焊,略低于復合脈沖焊接的焊縫。從本研究的實驗結果來看,雖然雙絲焊的焊縫金屬強度和塑性有所降低,但由于雙絲焊時兩根焊絲在同一熔池中燃燒,提高了總的焊接電流,使焊接的熔敷效率遠高于單絲焊,完全能夠滿足焊接接頭性能的要求,特別適用于中厚板鋁合金的焊接。

 

表4 焊接接頭和母材金屬的拉伸性能

  焊接工藝   抗拉強度 σb/ mpa   屈服強度 σ0.2/ mpa   延伸率 δ(%)   斷面收縮率 ψ(%)   單絲單脈沖   296.4   191   4.7   19.7   復合脈沖   298.8   193.9   5.0   23.8   TANDEM   287.8   179.6   4.5   17.9

 

4 結論

(1) 單絲復合脈沖焊接時,蜂值電流周期性變化引起的熔池液體強烈的攪拌作用,細化了焊縫組織,提高了焊縫的強度和塑性。

(2) 雙絲MIG焊接效率遠高于單絲焊,焊縫性能滿足要求,特別適合于中厚板鋁合金焊接。

(3) 生產應用證明單絲復合脈沖MIG焊接和TANDEM雙絲MIG焊接是焊接鋁合金的理想方法。


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