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PVD涂層超微粒硬質合金

超微粒硬質合金硬質合金是主要成分的Wc(碳化鎢、高硬度脆性材料)分散在Co(鈷、低硬度高韌性材料
超微粒硬質合金
    硬質合金是主要成分的Wc(碳化鎢、高硬度脆性材料)分散在Co(鈷、低硬度高韌性材料)中的復合材料,是兼顧硬度與抗彎曲強度的硬質材料中的一種。目前的切削刀具用材料中,在以上的硬質合金上通過CVD(化學涂層法)PVD(物理涂層法)施加可承受高速切削的Al2O3或(Ti、Al)N等涂層的硬質合金涂層材料占據主要位置。
    Co含量和Wc顆粒大小等要素決定了硬質合金的性質。Co含量越少的硬質合金的硬度、抗壓縮強度、剛性越高,但同時抗沖擊值越低;Wc顆粒越小的硬質合金的硬度、抗彎曲強度越高,但同時其韌性值越低。
    超微粒硬質合金是為同時提高硬度和抗彎曲強度而開發的合金材料,與普通的硬質合金相比,在硬度相同時具有強度高、在強度相同時具有硬度高的特點。普通硬質合金的Wc顆粒為1~6μm(μ=10-6) 左右,超微粒硬質合金的Wc顆粒為0.6μm左右,因為非常微小所以Wc顆粒周圍起到粘結作用的Co成分的厚度薄,同時,折斷起始尺寸小使抗彎曲強度高。超微粒硬質合金最初在細徑鉆頭、立銑刀等整體硬質合金刀具使用,最近也開始用于可轉位刀片。但是,雖然超微粒硬質合金在低溫下顯示優異的特性,可在高溫狀態下容易出現慢性變形,在切削速度高的情況下使用時,有時會產生塑性變形、磨損增大等現象,請予以注意。
    但隨著近幾年粉末制造企業微細WC粉末制造技術及硬質合金制造商的與合金制造相關的微;夹g的突飛猛進,大小為0.4μm 左右的WC超細微硬質合金也出現在市場。
    PVD涂層
    PVD是物理氣相蒸著法(Physical Vapor Deposition)的簡稱,它與CVD的氣體在高溫下產生化學反應形成表膜不同,其采用通過電能等物理手法使金屬蒸發物產生離子進行涂層。與CVD相比PVD涂層的特點如下。
    PVD與CVD相比,可在低溫下進行涂層,硬質合金母材受的損失小,因此可在涂層時對母材進行選擇;CVD的涂層膜有張力所以在耐缺損方面有不利之處。與之相比,PVD涂層產生壓縮力,有利于耐缺損,可用在鋒利切削刃的刀具制造。
    PVD涂層可在充分發揮以上特長的加工形態中加以利用。具體如下:

        * 要求有鋒利切削刃的整體硬質合金刀具;
        * 要求耐缺損性強的平面銑刀用刀片;
        * 容易因熔付而出現崩刃的低速切削用刀片;
        * 在高溫狀態下母材硬度降低的高速鋼刀具。

    
    圖1 VP15TF的斷面組織照片
    尤其是針對整體硬質合金立銑刀的PVD涂層研發進步顯著。以往TiN或TiCN涂層是主流產品,但在 20世紀90年代前期(Ti,Al)N涂層的出現使整體硬質合金立銑刀的性能大幅提高。特別是含Al豐富的(Al,Ti)N涂層通過大幅提高表膜硬度和耐氧化性而實現了對淬火鋼的直接加工,是模具加工的技術創新。目前,針對HRC60左右的超高硬度材料加工用涂層及軟鋼加工用涂層等不同用途的專用涂層的開發呈現多樣化的趨勢。
    超微粒硬質合金PVD涂層的切削加工實例
    以下對最新的超微粒硬質合金PVD涂層的切削加工實例進行介紹。

       1. 平面銑刀用刀片材種“VP15TF”
              三菱公司研制的超微粒硬質合金PVD涂層“VP15TF”是采用具有優異耐磨損性和耐缺損性的超微粒硬質合金“VP15TF”和(Al,Ti)N涂層(三菱公司稱為MIRACLE 涂層)的通用性高的材種。尤其在平面銑刀用刀片上擁有極高的通用性,可在多種多樣的加工中發揮高性能。圖1是VP15TF的斷面組織照片。


              圖2 VP15TF加工合金鋼實例
              圖2中顯示VP15TF對合金鋼進行臺階面加工的實例。刀具為三菱公司最新產品--多功能臺階面銑刀APX3000。此刀具大特點為切削阻力低,采用更重視切削鋒利性的形狀,所以確保刃尖強度更為困難。因此,不僅要求刀片耐磨損性好,同時要求比以往刀具具有更好的耐磨損性。 VP15TF滿足以上要求,與以往材種相比可大幅提高刀具壽命,并同時實現良好的壁面精度和表面粗糙度。


    圖3 VP15TF大進給加工淬火鋼的加工實例
    VP15TF也可在大進給粗加工中發揮良好性能。圖3顯示粗加工淬火鋼實例。此加工使用我公司生產的大進給加工用圓弧頭立銑刀AJX。此刀具在加工HRC53淬火鋼時單刃進給達到過去無法想象的1mm的大進給,可大幅縮短模具加工時間。
    VP15TF憑借通用性高,在平面加工以外的內圓車削用刀片、小型自動車床用刀片等不同領域均有產品推出,并發揮高性能。

        * 螺紋切削用材種“VP10MF”

    VP10MF是采用硬度極其高的超微粒硬質合金“MF10”和與VP15TF相同的(Al,Ti)N MIRACLE涂層,它是具有極高耐磨損性的優異材種。圖4是VP10MF的斷面照片。與TF15相比,MF10采用更細微的WC原料和最佳量的粘結物質從而實現了更高的硬度。
    
    圖4 VP10MF的斷面組織照片 
    圖5 VP10MF進行螺紋加工的實例 
    切削條件
    被削材料:JIS SCM440(297HB)
    刀片:MMT16ER150ISO
    切削速度:180m/min
    外圓螺距:1.5mm
    徑向進給
    切削次數:3次(特別條件)
    濕式
    VP10MF憑借其高耐磨損性,可適用于可轉位刀片式精加工用球頭立銑刀SRF,尤其在加工HRC60左右的高硬度模具鋼中發揮出類拔萃的耐磨損性。

        * 加工高硬度材用整體硬質合金立銑刀“IMPACT MIRACLE”


          圖6 IMPACT MIRACLE立銑刀
                    最后介紹在整體硬質合金立銑刀的使用情況。圖6顯示了三菱綜合材料神戶工具生產的“IMPACT MIRACLE立銑刀”。此立銑刀是以硬度超過HRC50的高硬度淬火鋼為目標而研制的。
                    母材采用新研制的超細微硬質合金,母材硬度達到HRA93.5,尤其是為此種被削材料而研制的。涂層采用比以往(Al,Ti,Si)N涂層更先進的“單相納米結晶(Al,Ti,Si)N涂層”。 立銑刀的切刃磨損   IMPACT
                    MIRACLE
                    立銑刀VF-MD     以往產品A   以往產品B   切削條件
                    被削材料:JIS SKD11(HRC60)
                    立銑刀:直角立銑刀VF-MD(φ6mm)
                    切削速度:151m/min.
                    進給:0.045mm/Z
                    切深:ap=6.0mm, ae=0.12mm
                    氣排屑
                    加工長度:100m(以往產品B為62m)   圖7 IMPACT MIRACLE立銑刀的加工實例


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