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您當前的位置:首頁 -> 新聞中心 -> 大型球面射電望遠鏡仿真模型設計
 

大型球面射電望遠鏡仿真模型設計

1 引言射電天文學家提出了下個世紀的射電望遠鏡目標是接收面積比現有設備提高1~2個量級的cm~m
1 引言
    射電天文學家提出了下個世紀的射電望遠鏡目標是接收面積比現有設備提高1~2個量級的cm~mm波段大射電望遠鏡(LT)。
    球面射電望遠鏡的成功實例是美國的Arecibo 305m口徑天線。但是,Arecibo型天線有幾個不足:①造價太高;②只適用于單頻工作;③跟蹤精度不高。為解決Arecibo型球面射電望遠鏡存在的問題,研究人員提出了新的設計思想:在設計中盡可能地以軟件代替硬件,以光、電等技術代替純機械技術,以光、機、電的一體化設計代替傳統的單一設計。在 LT光機電一體化設計中對饋源位置的控制是通過不斷地調整各懸索的長度來將饋源拉到預定的位置,在跟蹤的星體確定后,饋源在整個跟蹤過程的運動曲線就可以確定,由饋源在各跟蹤點的位置坐標就可根據懸鏈線方程精確計算,得出懸索長度的變化。控制系統只要能夠精確地控制懸索長度的變化,就可完成對饋源位置的調整。
    2 仿真模型介紹
    在LT光機電一體化設計方案中,為了使系統獲得滿意的精度和工程效果,需要做以下四個方面的預研工作:第一,懸索與饋源結構系統的變結構及非線性靜、動態力學特性分析,尤其是在隨機風荷作用下的動力響應分析問題。同時還應從理論上解決懸索間的協調與同步問題;第二,不同姿態調整時的快速響應問題以及調整到位后系統的迅速穩定問題;第三,伺服與控制系統:在新方案中,饋源由六根大跨度的懸索懸吊起來,各懸索由一帶減速裝置的伺服電機驅動。同時,六套伺服系統又受中央控制計算機的控制。而饋源的位置誤差信息來自實時跟蹤饋源的激光檢測系統。中央計算機獲取誤差信息后,便發出指令以驅動懸索的收、放,使饋源及時回到電磁性能所容許的誤差范圍內;第四,激光檢測與跟蹤系統:激光檢測與跟蹤系統由激光發射裝置、置于饋源上的激光反射器以及與中央計算機聯網的激光檢測跟蹤系統的另一計算機組成。
      
    圖1 仿真模型系統結構框圖
    制作LT仿真模型的目的就在于對LT光機電一體化設計中所用到的各種理論和技術進行驗證,為LT的工程化作準備。
    制作仿真模型的目的是:

       1. 驗證饋源在六根懸索同時作用下運動時的協調性,即能否在預定的時間將饋源拖動到預定的位置范圍內并保證饋源的姿態。
       2. 用懸索來實現精確的位置控制,目前國內外尚無這方面的先例。因此,需要通過實驗來驗證柔索控制位置的效果和所能達到的精度。
       3. 目前已經對饋源和懸索構成的系統進行了非線性靜、動態力學分析,對在風荷作用下饋源和懸索系統的響應也進行了分析。由于這些分析都是在一定的理論假設下做的(比如,懸索按照懸鏈線進行分析),這些假設是否與實際情況相符,理論分析的結果是否與實際情況一致,都需要通過實驗進行確認。
       4. 由于懸索系統是一個緩慢非線性時變系統,系統的精確模型又難以得到,采用的控制方法是否有效,也需要在模型中得到驗證。

    仿真模型的總體結構如圖1所示。
    3 饋源艙結構
    LT系統的工程目標是建造口徑為φ500m的大射電望遠鏡。考慮到客觀條件的限制,仿真模型不可能做的太大,目前按照直徑f5m的標準做模型,與實際系統相比模型的縮小比例為1:100。仿真模型的支撐臺均勻分布在直徑為f5m的圓上,支撐塔臺的高度做成可以調節的,以便實驗在不同支撐高度下懸索張力的變化規律。
    為了減小風荷影響,在LT系統設計中饋源艙采用半球型結構,球體的直徑為f6m。在仿真模型中主要希望驗證對艙體位置和姿態的控制效果,所以艙體的幾何尺寸不嚴格按照1:100的比例縮小,而是取大一點,以便能夠觀察和測量饋源艙的姿態。饋源艙的直徑取 f15~20cm。
    在仿真模型的設計中,考慮到仿真模型要與實際系統具有可比性,要求模型的剛度與實際系統的剛度一致。根據對LT系統的非線性動力學分析,實際系統的頻率為f1=0.08539Hz,f2=0.164Hz,f3=0.168Hz。對于索長已變,索截面積已變,艙體已縮小的模型系統來說,讓模型的前三階頻率在量級上與實際系統的相當,就可認為剛度等效。實現時可先給定索長,索的截面積,艙體的直徑,通過調整艙體及內裝饋源的總重量,試算模型的前三階頻率。
    4 伺服電機控制系統

       1. 伺服電機數字控制系統結構
              LT模型中伺服電機的數字控制系統的結構如圖2所示。它由8098單片機接口電路、功率放大器、伺服電機、減速器、懸索曳引裝置以及角位移檢測器和角速度檢測器組成的以角位移為主反饋回路、角速度為副反饋回路的串級控制系統。


    圖2 伺服電機數字控制系統結構框圖
    

        * 伺服電機數字控制系統硬件
                    圖3為伺服電機數字控制系統硬件結構圖。其中主要包括:8098最小系統,位置和速度檢測電路,保護信號處理電路,D/A轉換輸入電路等。
                      
                    圖3 伺服電機數字控制系統硬件結構圖   
                    圖4 伺服電機數字控制系統方塊圖
                        o 特性及控制算法
                    伺服電機數字控制系統是由角位移反饋和速度反饋組成的串級控制系統。角位移反饋是伺服系統的主反饋回路,速度反饋為副反饋回路。其控制系統的方塊圖如圖4所示。Gp1(S)是直流伺服電機特性;Gp2(S)是減速器特性;Kq是光電編碼器特性;0.25Kv是測速發電機和電壓變換特性;Kc1,Kc2Gc(s)是控制算法特性,Kc1和Kc2為比例控制系數,Gc(s)為控制系統的動態校正特性。由于對象特性Gp1(S)Gp2(S)為二階特性,并采用了比例微分反饋,所以動態校正特性Gc(s)可采用比例積分控制算法,即選取為:
                        Gc(S)=1+     1         T1s式中T1—積分時間常數
                    實際上采用比例積分特性與比例微分反饋,即構成了PID控制算法。其Kc1,Kc2,T1控制參數通過系統控制指標和對象特性離線整定或在線整定。
                      
                    圖5 復合控制示意圖
          5系統控制算法

    LT系統從本質上來說是一個隨動系統,系統的任務就是要保證輸出量的變化能夠跟隨輸入量的變化,并要求具有一定的跟隨精度。由于控制的精度要求很高,單獨采用開環控制或閉環控制是有困難的。按誤差控制的系統,一般是靠增大開環放大倍數或增加積分環節的數目(即提高系統無差度階數)來提高系統的精度。但提高放大倍數,將使系統的穩定性下降;增加積分環節,將使系統的穩定性與快速性受到很大影響,甚至造成系統的不穩定,無法進行校正。在按誤差控制的閉環系統基礎上并聯一個輸入信號N階微分的正順饋通道,可組成復合控制系統。采用復合控制后,系統的特征方程沒有變化,即并聯輸入信號的N階微分裝置后不影響原有系統的穩定性。所以,從原理上講,復合控制系統要比單純按誤差控制的閉環系統優越得多,是一種比較理想的隨動系統。因此,可以設計一種開環控制和閉環控制相結合的復合控制系統,如圖5所示。在這種系統中,帶有負反饋的閉環控制起主要的調節作用,而帶有前饋的開環控制則起輔助的補償作用,這樣就能使系統達到很高的控制精度。


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