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您當前的位置:首頁 -> 新聞中心 -> YH20603G弧齒錐齒輪自動生產線研制成功
 

YH20603G弧齒錐齒輪自動生產線研制成功

上世紀八十年代初期,國外推出以數控機床、數控技術為基礎的柔性制造單元 (FMC)替代傳統的剛性生產線,開創柔性生產線之先河。后來又發展成FMS(柔性制造系統)。由于FMS很復雜,使用維護難度大,價格昂貴,沒有普及,而被FTL所代替。近幾年又出現第三代柔性制造系統FRS,(FRC),利用機器人操作的新一代柔性制造技術。這種柔性生產線由多個動力頭(或多臺機床)組成,在動力頭上方裝有由數控系統控制的懸掛機械手,機械手沿橋式導軌及垂直滑枕作三坐標移動。機械手爪夾持毛坯或加工完的工件,能準確將毛坯定位,或運送到另外一個工位(包括送到中間儲料庫),機械手的動作程序與機床加工的工步順序統一由數控系統控制。與過去代柔性制造系統比FRS機床結構緊湊,占地面積小,不像前兩代柔性制造系統有裝在機床外側的工件交換托盤、轉臺,或運送小車。而FRS輕巧的機械手裝在動力頭上方,既節省空間,還節省輔助時間,而且造價也便宜很多。
    天津市精誠機床制造有限公司為國內著名的弧齒錐齒輪機床生產商,其生產的小模數數控弧齒錐齒輪加工機床連續3年排行國內第一位。精誠機床產品遠銷到德國、美國、日本、韓國等發達國家,在國際上也具有較高的知名度。公司上下積極拼搏,牢記“快魚吃慢魚”道理,不斷進行技術創新,每年都推出創新產品。2007年下半年,考慮到小模數弧齒錐齒輪加工時間短、需求量大等情況,決定研制一條自動化生產線,以1臺三座標機器人為2臺機床上下料,既可以有效減少加工輔助時間,提高勞動生產率,也能將操作工人從單調生產勞動中解放出來,提高企業競爭力。
該生產線通過廠校合作,不到一年時間研制成功,該生產線屬國際先進的第三代柔性制造系統FRS。參加2008年北京數控機床展覽會,受到有關領導和媒體的贊揚以及廣大用戶的關注。
一、機器人選型及技術分析
為了盡可能節省空間,在集體討論生產線方案時決定將上下料機器人布置在兩臺機床上方。由于橫向跨度較大,并且上下料時作業空間相當狹窄,決定選用直角坐標機器人結構方案。機器人橫向移動為兩臺機床服務,利用縱軸和垂直滑枕手爪下移到機床芯軸位置并完成上下料作業。
擬采用的機器人有兩種解決辦法,一是購買,二是自己制造。
國際上有數家著名的直角坐標機器人生產廠家。德國BAHR公司為世界上著名的直角坐標機器人專業制造廠商,幾十年來一直專注于直線定位系統及產品的研究和開發,在業內取得了良好聲譽,其產品被廣泛應用于諸如汽車、電子、電器、檢測、醫療、航天、食品等領域,其型材內部配有特殊的鋼軌以保證高的機械強度和平行度,負載從5Kg到3000Kg不等,重復定位精度有±0.2mm、±0.1mm、±0.05mm到±0.01mm。德國BERGER LAHR公司是另一家著名的生產廠商,該公司生產多種規格的直線運動單元/導軌、步進電機、交流伺服電機、直線電機和多軸數控系統,提供各種規格的線性導軌、二維、三維標準機器人及用戶專用機器人和生產線。由于其導軌、驅動電機、減速機和控制系統等所有部件均全部自己生產,其機器人具有很高的整體性能。德國roboworker公司是第三家著名的直角坐標機器人供應商,該公司研發和生產多種規格的直線運動單元、各種手爪、伺服電機、 控制系統以及圖象處理系統等。
日本最著名的直角坐標機器人廠商是雅馬哈發動機有限公司。其新機型“PHASER MF15” 2008年初上市,截面尺寸僅為100×80mm,但可以搬動重達15kg的重物,額定推力達到50N。
韓國Dasarobot機器人采用高剛度鋁合金機座和防塵用不銹鋼機罩,行程大能達到7000mm,可在潔凈度為clean class 10的環境中工作。
國內有能力提供直角坐標機器人的單位主要有3家。哈爾濱工業大學機器人研究所曾研制出直角坐標機器人產品。海爾機器人公司專門生產注塑機用直角坐標機器人。沈陽新松機器人有限公司擁有雄厚實力,已經批量生產直角坐標機器人,主要用于汽車涂膠等場合。
由于國外產品價格很高,還常常難以滿足一些特殊需要,最好采用國產機器人配國產機床,以有效提高國產產品整體競爭力。我們選擇自己制造機器人,而關鍵部件進口的方案,如機器人末端執行器用德國雄克公司產品,電器系統中多軸運動控制器采用日本歐龍產品。這樣使機器人系統既可靠、又省錢。
二、機器人設計與制造
憑借長期研究積累的先進技術和豐富經驗,我們決定根據需要自己研制機器人。
其技術關鍵有3處,一是鋁型材的設計與制造,要求長度大、剛度高、扭轉變形小;二是控制系統設計,要求多軸聯動、可靠性高,并且易于與機床原有控制系統進行整合;三是機器人本體設計,要求運動精度高、適于生產線的模塊化變形。
先進的直角坐標機器人一般采用鋁型材作為直角坐標機器人的基體,一是重量輕、剛度大,二是可以簡化機械結構設計有效降低制造成本。
本項目根據所需機器人跨度大、運動精度要求高的特點,專門設計了鋁型材及其模具。其橫截面下部采用封閉空腔,剛度大、便于走線;上部為敞開式,便于安裝導軌和驅動電機等。由天津市一家鋁型材廠家生產,一次開模、一次拉制、一次成功。
在設計機器人控制系統時,為了較好地滿足需要,決定采用PLC模塊搭建而成,選用了OMRON公司生產的觸摸屏、CPU模塊、位控模塊以及輸入、輸出模塊,具有可靠性高、抗干擾性好、可擴展性好等優點,能夠很方便地與機床原有控制系統進行整合。
在鋁型材研制成功后,進行好機器人本體設計成為整個項目的關鍵。為了簡化機構并減少誤差,采用雙軸聯動進行成品下料和齒坯上料,以適應于機床主軸的位姿狀態。鑒于X軸長度較長近4米,為了保證運動精度,采用了齒形帶運動方案,由電機經減速器驅動。在一端還設計了張緊裝置。Y軸和Z軸行程較短,均采用滾珠絲杠,具有很高的運動精度。為了防止因掉電導致機器人Z軸下落,其驅動電機采用了特殊的帶抱閘電機。
在設計過程中,進行了細致的誤差分析和計算,合理地確定了零件精度和裝配精度,以保證整個機器人具有足夠高的重復定位精度。
機器人末端執行器采用了德國雄克公司生產的可旋轉手腕(圖1),手爪自己設計制造。
為了避免出現上下料失誤造成機器人或機床損失,專門設計了安全裝置,利用彈簧的可壓縮性避免“硬碰硬”(圖2)。當整個手爪后退到一定程度,傳感器就會報警并停止一切運動。
   圖1 PSK16可選轉手腕           圖2 帶安全裝置手爪系統  
三、聯調與試生產
機器人制造出來并經過一定的試驗后,與機床進行了聯調,編制了運動程序,調試了相關參數。實驗測試表明,所研制出的機器人各軸重復定位誤差,在軸平均誤差為0.014毫米以內,達到國外先進水平。整條生產線如圖3所示。
圖3 YH20603G弧齒錐齒輪自動生產線
附:生產線的主要規格參數
機床技術參數
參數
YH20603G
大工件直徑(mm)
125
大加工模數(mm)
2.5
大傳動比
10:1
大齒面寬(mm)
20
加工齒數范圍
4-200
銑刀盤直徑(英寸)
1/2-31/2
刀盤主軸轉數(r/min)
200-900
機床中心到工件主軸端面距離(mm)
63
工件主軸錐孔
莫氏4#
控制及驅動系統
西門子802D CNC
刀盤主軸電機功率(Kw)
1.5
液壓電機功率(Kw)
0.75
機床外形尺寸:長×寬×高(mm)
2150×1950×2350
機床凈重(kg)
3500
機械手技術參數:
伺服軸
行程(mm)
功率(W)
X
3200
750
Y
310
400
Z
650
400
退回軸
立臥,氣動回轉頭轉角90°
生產線外形
長寬高5000×3200×3500
該生產線于2008年4月參加了北京數控機床展覽會,每天連續運轉,表現出良好的品質。
 
四、結語
YH20603G弧齒錐齒輪自動生產線是廠校雙方精誠合作的結晶,既體現了企業家的精明決策,也展現了科技人員的聰明才智,更說明了廠校合作的重要性。相信我們國家經過努力拼搏一定會由“中國制造”走向“中國創造”。

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