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諧波傳動的國內外發展現狀與趨勢

諧波傳動是50年代中期隨著空間科學技術的發展在薄殼彈性變形理論基礎上發展起來的一種新型傳動。該傳動的基本原理由美國聯合制鞋公司研究顧問C. Walt Musser (1909~1998)于1955年提出。1960年,C. Walt Musser在發表于美國機械設計雜志的論文中使用了Harmonic Drive一詞,中文翻譯為諧波傳動或諧波齒輪傳動。

  諧波傳動通常由柔輪(Flexible Spline-FS)、剛輪(Circular Spline-CS)和波發生器(Wave Generator-WG)(稱為諧波傳動三大件)組成,當波發生器順時針轉動時,如果剛輪固定,則柔輪逆時針旋轉;如果柔輪固定,則剛輪順時針旋轉。由于柔輪與剛輪齒數相差很少,因此可獲得很大的傳動比。

  經過使用證實,諧波傳動與一般的齒輪傳動相比較,具有運動精度高、傳動比大、重量輕、體積小、承載能力大、效率高、容易實現零回差、并能在密閉空間和介質輻射的工況下正常工作等優點。諧波齒輪傳動的主要失效形式是柔輪疲勞斷裂、柔性軸承損壞、齒面磨損或傳動滑移,不過現有的設計規范和工藝可以保證諧波齒輪傳動具有額定的工作壽命。

  因此,諧波傳動一出現即引起了各國的重視,目前在中國、日本、美國、英國、俄羅斯、烏克蘭和印度等國都有研究機構在進行此領域的研究工作。

  諧波傳動的應用

  目前,諧波傳動廣泛應用于航空航天、機器人、加工中心、雷達設備、造紙機械、紡織機械、半導體工業晶圓傳送裝置、印刷包裝機械、醫療器械、金屬成型機械、儀器儀表、光學制造設備、核設施以及空氣動力實驗研究等領域。例如:日本本田公司仿生機器人ASIMO的手臂與腿部至少使用了24套諧波傳動裝置;美國NASA發射的火星機器人(圖2)每個則使用了19套諧波傳動裝置;德法英聯合研制的空中客車上使用了諧波傳動陣列來檢測飛機著陸時副翼的位置;安裝于夏威夷Mauna Kea山的Subaru望遠鏡系統采用了264套諧波傳動裝置,將8.2m口徑主鏡鏡面精度保持在0.1μm;為確保手術系統高精度定位與配合作業,在外科手術系統中應用了各種型號的諧波傳動。現在,約有90%的諧波傳動應用在機器人工業和精密定位系統中,諧波傳動已成為現代工業重要的基礎部件。

  諧波傳動的國內發展現狀與趨勢

  我國從1961年開始諧波傳動方面的研制工作,并且在研究、試制和使用方面取得了較大的成績。到目前為止,我國有幾十家單位從事這方面的研究工作,并先后研制成了多種類型的諧波齒輪傳動裝置。如傳動誤差小于9"、回差小于4"的高精度諧波齒輪傳動裝置,噪聲小于45dB的高靈敏度小型諧波齒輪傳動裝置,用于水下極光探測儀的諧波傳動裝置,以及用于導彈發射架和雷達傳動系統中的動力諧波傳動裝置等,為我國諧波傳動的研制和開發工作打下了堅實的基礎。

火星機器人

  北京市是中國重要的諧波傳動產品生產基地,擁有以北京中技克美諧波傳動有限公司、北京諧波傳動技術研究所和北京天階科技工業公司等為代表的諧波傳動產品的主要生產單位。國內諧波傳動公司的產品已經長期應用于國防工業和多種民用機械產品領域,部分產品已出口國外,并開發成功固體潤滑諧波傳動和短杯諧波傳動產品。

  2006年,北京工商大學基于橢圓凸輪波發生器,開發成功了具有自主知識產權的諧波齒輪傳動雙圓弧基本齒廓、諧波齒輪加工刀具以及雙圓弧諧波齒輪傳動裝置。經FEM分析顯示,雙圓弧齒形有效減小了柔輪齒根應力。對比試驗則表明,雙圓弧諧波齒輪傳動的運動精度和傳動剛度明顯優于漸開線諧波齒輪傳動,特別是在低載荷段,傳動剛度增加了40%以上。

  諧波傳動的國外發展現狀與趨勢

  日本的諧波傳動技術和產業發展較快。1964年,日本Hasegawa齒輪公司生產了實用化諧波傳動減速器;1970年,Hasegawa公司與USM公司在日本東京合資創立了諧波傳動系統有限公司(Harmonic Drive System Inc.)。根據合作協議,諧波傳動系統公司從Hasegawa公司獲得諧波傳動機構商業權益。1976年9月,公司資本金降至1億日元,諧波傳動系統公司成為USM公司的全資子公司。1977年,諧波傳動系統有限公司開始生產銷售驅動器和控制器等工廠自動化設備。1984年12月,為了拓展市場,諧波傳動系統有限公司在臺灣和韓國設置了銷售代理。1987年,其為拓展美國市場,創建了子公司HD System公司,與Mitsui & Co. Ltd 簽署了在韓國的產品分銷協議。1988年,開始生產具有新開發的IH齒形的諧波傳動減速器。1989年,其創建全資子公司,即 “新的”諧波傳動系統有限公司,并轉移商業權益。以前的諧波傳動系統有限公司被Koden電子公司接手。1990年,公司將生產基地從日本Matsumoto轉移至位于Nagano的Hotaka工廠,1996年與德國Harmonic Drive Antriebstechnik 公司(現在的Harmonic Drive 公司)簽署排他性分銷協議,后者負責在歐洲、中東、非洲、印度和拉丁美洲的產品銷售,同年12月簽署授權與技術支持協議。

微型諧波傳動裝置

  1998年,諧波傳動系統有限公司進入日本證券交易協會場外交易市場;1999年,創立了HD物流和Harmonic Precision等子公司。2002年,其獲得了Harmonic Drive 公司25%流通股權;2004年12月,進入了Jasdaq證券交易市場;2005年,在美國創建Harmonic Drive L.L.C公司,該公司是HD Systems與Harmonic Drive Technologies Nabtesco的合資公司。

  Harmonic Drive AG成立了子公司——Micromotion公司,專門負責用直接LIG工藝開發與制造微型諧波齒輪傳動(圖3)及其傳動方案,在微型諧波傳動領域,于2005年向市場推出了“P”齒形,目前開發出了MHD8和MHD10兩個系列的產品,外徑最小為8mm,采用行星齒輪傳動式波發生器,傳動比為160、500和1000,質量最小為2.2g,重復精度可達10弧秒。

  由于傳統工藝能加工齒輪的最小模數為60~100m,因此微型諧波齒輪傳動元件采用了LIGA工藝制造。LIGA工藝可以獲得高深寬比微結構,它于1980年代起源于德國Karlsruhe原子核研究中心,是目前微型機系統(MEMS)加工的重要工藝。子公司Harmonic Drive Polymer公司專門負責用熱塑性塑料制造大減速比精密諧波齒輪傳動的開發與制造,子公司Ovalo公司則負責大批量的生產與應用,開發或將用戶定制的諧波傳動產品工業化。Harmonic Drive 公司還分別在英國、法國、意大利、澳大利亞和西班牙創建了另外5個子公司,以加強國際銷售和本土化服務。

CSD長度為R系列的1/3

  在諧波齒輪傳動中采用雙圓弧齒廓,可以有效改善柔輪齒根的應力狀況和傳動嚙合質量,提高承載能力、扭轉剛度和柔輪疲勞壽命,并可降低最小傳動比。日本的IH齒形是基于余弦凸輪波發生器開發的雙圓弧齒形,由于采用近似方法設計,應用初期出現了齒廓干涉等問題,但是到1990年代初期已經基本完善。目前,日本諧波傳動系統有限公司的諧波產品有十幾個類型,二十多個系列,最小傳動比為30,型號中帶有字母“S”的,其齒形為雙圓弧齒形,產品壟斷了主要國際市場。其中超短杯型號CSD(圖4)和SHD,其柔輪長度僅有常規諧波傳動柔輪的1/3,既增加傳動剛度,又大幅度減輕了諧波減速器重量。此外,在諧波傳動輕量化技術方面,采用鋁等輕合金材料制造波發生器與減速器殼體等方式,減薄剛輪外緣以及改進連接結構等形式,使整機重量大幅度減輕,在航空航天和機器人領域,其輕量化諧波傳動產品系列的應用日益廣泛。

  自2000年開始,日本諧波傳動系統有限公司還在中國大陸注冊了11項與諧波傳動相關的商標,其中,僅2006年就申請注冊了10項。在研究投入方面,根據公司(Harmonic Drive System Inc.)2007年財報,減速器銷售額為150億日元,占公司產品的75.7%;公司有研究開發人員55人,占員工比例14.9%;研究開發費用11.85億日元,占凈銷售額的6.2%。

  日本諧波傳動系統有限公司通過持續深入的研究開發、規;洜I與資本運作,促進了新產品的開發和升級換代。目前,其諧波傳動產品不僅壟斷了主要國際市場,并且進入了中國市場。與國外,主要是日本相比,國內諧波傳動產業規模偏小且產品種類少,研究開發人員和投入不足,在加強知識產權保護、加快新產品開發、產品升級換代以及經營管理等方面,日本諧波傳動系統有限公司的發展可以作為有益的借鑒。


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